PECAM1 (CD31) and CDH5 (VE-cadherin) are pan-endothelial markers essential for cell-cell adhesion and vascular integrity, present across all endothelial subtypes. MECOM and ENPEP further confirm endothelial identity. BTNL9, RBP7, and CA4 are enriched in capillary endothelial cells specifically, with CA4 (carbonic anhydrase 4) being a well-established capillary EC marker in adipose tissue. Together these markers identify capillary ECs and distinguish them from arterial, venous, and lymphatic endothelial subtypes.
