LNCS: Atlas of healthy human lymph nodes with and without ex vivo adjuvant stimulation

Immunological processes that underpin human immune responses to therapeutics and vaccine components, such as vaccine adjuvants, remain poorly defined due to a paucity of models that faithfully recapitulate immune activation in lymphoid tissues. We describe precision-cut human lymph node (LN) slices as a functioning, architecturally preserved, full-organ cross-sectional model system. Using single-cell transcriptomics and multiplexed imaging, we explore early inflammatory response to a potent, clinically relevant liposomal vaccine adjuvant containing a TLR4-agonist and QS-21 saponin. Both TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation are involved in the direct initiation of the inflammatory response to adjuvant by monocytes and macrophages (Mon./Mac.) with secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, but not IL-18, dependent on TLR4 signaling. Innate lymphoid cells, including natural killer cells, are indirectly activated by Mon./Mac.-produced cytokines, signaling downstream to B cells via interferon-γ secretion. Resident LN stromal populations, primed both directly and indirectly by vaccine adjuvant, are instrumental in mediating inflammatory cell recruitment, particularly neutrophils.